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The names of the Magi: A historical-religious investigation

Panaino, Antonio. 2020. I nomi dei magi evangelici. Un’indagine storico-religiosa. Con contributi di Andrea Gariboldi, Jeffrey Kotyk, Paolo Ognibene e Alessia Zubani. Milano: Mimesis.

Although the proper names of the Magi do not appear at all in Matthew 2,1-12, the apocryphal traditions have established three names in particular, Gaspar, Melchior and Balthazar. However, they are by no means the only ones, as the number of the Magi was never indicated in the Gospels, the same applies to their names, which range from three to twelve. The present essay proposes a preliminary investigation into the history of the origins of this complex onomastic tradition attested in different languages and cultures, between East and West, in the Late Ancient and Medieval world, on the traces of intricate paths of ancient spirituality and Christian propaganda, which thanks to the figure of the evangelical Magi was able to develop an important means of dialogue and intercultural promotion. The text is accompanied by synoptic tables (edited by A. Zubani) and an appendix on the Ossetian text of Matthew 2,1-12 (P. Ognibene), as well as two short essays, one on the Indo-Parthian coinage of the Gondofaridi (A. Gariboldi), whose history is linked to the figure of Gaspar, the other on the image of the Evangelical Magi in the Chinese reception (J. Kotyk).

Table of Contents

  • Antonio Panaino: I nomi dei Magi Evangelici
  • Alessia Zubani: Nomina nuda tenemus. L’onomastica dei Magi Evangelici
  • Andrea Gariboldi, Le monete indo-partiche di Gondophares
  • Jeffrey Kotyk: La nascita di Cristo e i portatori di doni persiani nelle fonti cinesi medievali
  • Paolo Ognibene: Mt. 2,1-12 in osseto
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Books

Poets, Heroes, and their Dragons: Armenian And Iranian Studies

Russell, James R. 2020. Poets, Heroes, and their Dragons: Armenian And Iranian Studies (Ancient Iran Series 13, 1-2). 2 vols. Irvine, CA: Jordan Center for Persian Studies, University of California, Irvine.

The present volume is a collection of articles published by Professor James R. Russell of Harvard University, in various journals over the past decades. James Russell has been one of the pioneers in the field of Armenian and Iranian Studies, where he has demonstrated the importance of Iranian civilization for pre-Christian Armenia.

Table of Contents

VOL. 1

  1. “Two Roads Diverged: Ancient Cappadocia and Ancient Armenia,” in R.G. Hovannisian, ed., Armenian Kesaria/Kayseri and Cappadocia, UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series, Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces 12, Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 2013, pp. 33-42.
  2. “A Note on Armenian hrmštk-el,” in Uwe Bläsing, Victoria Arakelova, and Matthias Weinreich, eds., Studies on Iran and the Caucasus in Honour of Garnik Asatrian, Leiden: Brill, 2015, pp. 365-371.
  3. “An Armenian Spirit of Time and Place: The Švot,” Revue des Etudes Arméniennes 1936 (2014-2015), pp. 13-59.
  4. “The Epic of Sasun: Armenian Apocalypse,” in Sergio La Porta, ed., The Armenian Apocalyptic Tradition, Leiden: Brill, 2014, pp. 41-77.
  5. “Language of Demons, Language of Men,” in publication, Festschrift Michael Stone, ed. Theo Van Lint, forthcoming
  6. “The Cross and the Lotus: The Armenian Miscellany Patmut‘iwn płnje k‘ałak‘i (‘History of the City of Brass’),” in Vesta Curtis and Sarah Stewart, eds., The Rise of Islam (The Idea of Iran, Vol. 4), London: I.B. Tauris, 2009, pp. 71-81.
  7. “On an Armenian Word List from the Cairo Geniza,” Iran and the Caucasus 17 (2013), pp. 189-214.
  8. “The Vision of the Painting: Alexander Kondratiev’s Novella Dreams,” Alexander A. Sinitsyn and Maxim M. Kholod, eds., Koinon Dōron: Studies and Essays in Honour of Valery P. Nikonorov on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday presented by His Friends and Colleagues, St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Faculty of Philology, 2013, pp. 323-354.
  9. “Heaven Is Here and the Emperor Is Near: A Traveler’s Guide to Heaven,” Academic Forum Collected Papers: The unity of Humanity and Heaven and Civilizational Diversity, Beijing, China: Institute for Advanced Humanistic Studies, PKU, 2014, pp. 191-222.
  10. “The Interrupted Feast,” in Bernard Outtier, Cornelia B. Horn, Basil Lourié, and Alexey Ostrovsky, eds., Armenia between Byzantium and the Orient: Celebrating the Memory of Karen Yuzbashian (1927-2009), Leiden: Brill, 2019, pp. 468-529.
  11. “Hārūt and Mārūt: The Armenian Zoroastrian Demonic Twins in the Qur’ān Who Invented Fiction,” in S. Tokhtasev and P. Luria, eds., Commentationes Iranicae: Sbornik statei k 90-letiyu V.A. Livshitsa, St. Petersburg: Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Nestor-Historia, 2013, pp. 469-480.
  12. “The Curving Shore of Time and Space: Notes on the Prologue to Pushkin’s Ruslan and Ludmila,” in Steven Fine and Shai Secunda, eds., Shoshannat Yaakov: Jewish and Iranian Studies in Honor of Yaakov Elman, Leiden: Brill, 2012, pp. 318-365.
  13. “Early Armenian Civilization,” in Edmund Herzig and Marina Kurkchiyan eds., The Armenians: Past and present in the making of national identity, London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2005, pp. 23-40.
  14. “Magic Mountains, Milky Seas, Dragon Slayers, and Other Zoroastrian Archetypes,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 22, Ann Arbor, MI, 2008 [2012], pp. 57-80).
  15. “Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots,” Acta Linguistica Petropolitana, Transactions of the Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Vol. VIII, part 3, St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2012, pp. 602-684.
  16. “The Demon Weed,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 19, 2009, pp. 131-134. 445
  17. “The Shrine Beneath the Waves,” RES 51, Cambridge, MA, Spring 2007, pp. 136-156.
  18. “The Memory Palace of St. Grigor Narekac‘i,” Hask hayagitakan taregirk‘ New Series, Year X, 2002-2006, Antelias, Lebanon, 2006, pp. 59-81.
  19. “The Science of Parting: Eliade, Iranian Shamanism, and the View from Tomis,” Studia Asiatica XI, Bucharest, 2010.1-2, pp. 89-97.
  20. “The Bells: From Poe to Sardarapat,” Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies 21 (2012), pp. 127-168.
  21. “Misak‘ Medzarents‘: The Calm Before the Storm,” lecture at Boston University, 13 Oct. 2010.
  22. “The Book of the Way (Girk‘ Chanaparhi) of Yeghishe Charents: An Illuminated Apocalyptic Gospel for Soviet Armenia,” Armenian Studies Program Occasional Paper Series, University of California, Berkeley, Stephan Astourian, ed., Spring 2012.
  23. “Frik: The Bridge of Poetry,” Anathemata Heortika: Studies in Honor of Thomas F. Mathews, ed. Joseph D. Alchermes, Mainz: Philipp Von Zabern, 2009, pp. 256-264.
  24. “Sasanian Yarns: The Problem of the Centaurs Reconsidered,” La Persia e Bisanzio, Roma: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 2004, pp. 411-438.
  25. “Solov’i, Solov’i,” St. Nersess Theological Review 10 (2005), pp. 77-139. 679

VOL. 2

  1. “An Armenological Note on Kartīr’s Vision,”Dasturji Dr. Hormazdyar Dastur Kayoji Mirza Birth Centenary Memorial Volume, Udvada (Gujarat, India): Dastur Kayoji Mirza Institute, 2010, pp. 253-258.
  2. “The Rime of the Book of the Dove (Stikh o Golubinoi knige): From Zoroastrian cosmology and Armenian heresiography to the Russian novel,” in Christine Allison, Anke Joisten-Pruschke, and Antje Wendtland, eds., From Daena to Din: Religion, Kultur und Sprache in der iranischen Welt, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz,
    2009, pp. 141-208 (Festschrift Prof. Dr. Philip Kreyenbroek).
  3. “On an Armenian Magical Manuscript ( Jewish Theological Seminary, New York, MS 10558),” Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities(2002-2014), Jerusalem 2015, pp. 105-192.
  4. “The Script of the Dove: An Armenian Hetaerogram,” Journal of Armenian Studies, Belmont, MA, Vol. IX, Nos. 1-2, 2010, pp. 61-108.
  5. “An Armenian magico-medical manuscript (Bzhshkaran) in the NAASR Collection,” Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies 20, 2011, pp. 111-130.
  6. “The Seh-lerai Language,” Journal of Armenian Studies 10.1-2 (2012-2013), pp. 1-85.
  7. “Iranians, Armenians, Prince Igor, and the Lightness of Pushkin,” Iran and the Caucasus 18 (2014), pp. 345-381.
  8. “On the image of Zarathustra,” in Alan Williams, Sarah Stewart, and Almut Hintze, eds., The Zoroastrian Flame: Exploring Religion, History, and Tradition, London: I.B. Tauris, 2016, pp. 147-178.
  9. “The Elephant in the Room: Dawt‘ak the Rhetor’s Gift List,” forthcoming in Revue des Études Arméniennes 38, 2017.
  10. “Heresies: On an Armenian prayer to the sun,” Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies 26, 2017, pp. 3-16.
  11. “Odysseus and a Phoenician Tale,” ВестникСПбГУ. Философия и
    конфликтология, 2018. Т. 34, вып. 2, стр. 233-250.
  12. “The Lyre of King David and the Greeks,” Judaica Petropolitana8, 2017, pp. 12-33.
  13. “The Bible and revolution: some observations on Exodus, Psalm 37, Esther, and Philo,” Judaica Petropolitana 7, 2017, pp. 109-134.
  14. “From Mashtots‘ to Nga‘ara: The Art of Writing and Cultural Survival in Armenia and Rapa Nui,” in Hebrew University Armenian Studies 15, Armenian, Hittite, and Indo-European Studies: A Commemoration Volume for Jos J.S. Weitenberg, ed. Uwe Bläsing, Jasmine Dum-Tragut, and Theo Maarten van Lint, Leuven: Peeters, 2019, pp. 271-318.
  15. “Iranian in the Hekhalot,” in Matteo Compareti, ed., Fabulous Creatures and
    Spirits in Ancient Iranian Culture, Bologna: Casa Editrice Persiani, 2018, pp. 93-110.
  16. “From Parthia to Robin Hood: The Armenian Version of the Epic of the Blind Man’s Son (Köroghlu),” The Embroidered Bible: Studies in Biblical Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha in Honour of Michael E. Stone, eds. Lorenzo DiTommaso, Matthias Henze, and William Adler, Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2017, pp. 877-898.
  17. “The Armenian Magical Scroll and Outsider Art,” Iran and the Caucasus Vol. 15.1-2, Leiden and Erevan, 2011, pp. 5-47.
  18. “Argawan: The Indo-European Memory of the Caucasus,” Journal of Armenian
    Studies VIII.2, Fall 2006 [2007], pp. 110-147.
  19. “The Memory Palace of St. Gregory of Narek,” Hask hayagitakan taregirk’ (Hask
    Armenological Yearbook), New Series, Year X, 2002-2006, Antelias, Lebanon,
    2006, pp. 59-81.
  20. עלעצנירפש ראפ ןושל א (A loshn far Shprintzele), forthcoming in Jewish Languages
    (St. Petersburg), 2020.
  21. “The Black Dervish of Armenian Futurism,” in Garnik Asatrian, ed., Caucaso- Caspica IV, Short Monograph Series, Erevan: Russian-Armenian University, 2019, pp. 245-319.
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Books

The Bīsotūn Inscription – A Jeopardy of Achaemenid History

Ahmadi, Amir. 2020. The Bīsotūn Inscription – A Jeopardy of Achaemenid History. The Journal of Archaeology and Ancient History 27. 3–56.

Darius the Great (r. 522–486 BC)
Behistūn Relief

According to the currently favoured view among historians of the Persian Empire, the Bīsotūn Inscription is a deceitful piece of propaganda whose purpose was to resolve Darius’s legitimacy problem. To this effect, Darius cobbles a family relation with Cyrus and fabricates the story of a magus who impersonates Smerdis, son of Cyrus, and usurps the throne. This view, however, contradicts not only the Bīsotūn Inscription but also the ancient Greek testimonies. This article examines the arguments historians have given for their position. Since allviews of the two issues in question are necessarily interpretations of the relevant sources that rely on argumentation, reasons and inferences must stand up to critical scrutiny.

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Books

Human History, Its Aims and Its End, according to the Zoroastrian Doctrine of Late Antiquity

Panaino, Antonio. 2020. Human History, Its Aims and Its End, according to the Zoroastrian Doctrine of Late Antiquity. In Tilo Schabert & John von Heyking (eds.), Wherefrom Does History Emerge?, 97–122. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Zoroastrianism offers a remarkable presentation of the origin of humankind, its present condition, and its final destiny. Human history is considered to be the result of a cosmological strategy enacted by god himself, Ohrmazd, in order to compel his direct and primordial antagonist, the evil Ahreman, to engage battle in our world. Eventually, the forces of darkness will be completely destroyed at the conclusion of a chiliadic temporal cycle. The most important battle in order to defeat Ahreman is fought by humankind. The importance of history in this teleology accounts for the emphasis put by it on the political dimension. We evoke the Sasanian period, in which the Persian kings assumed the status of a kosmokrátor, i.e. of a universal king, charged with achieving victory over evil. We offer in this article an overview of the intellectual contribution of the Pre-Islamic Iranian world to the idea of history.

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Books

Zoroastrian Laws of Ritual Purity

Moazami, Mahnaz. 2020. Laws of Ritual Purity. Zand ī Fragard ī Jud-Dēw-Dād (A Commentary on the Chapters of the Widēwdād) (Iran Studies 19). Leiden: Brill.

Laws of Ritual Purity: Zand ī Fragard ī Jud-Dēw-Dād (A Commentary on the Chapters of the Widēwdād) describes the various ways in which Zoroastrian authorities in the fifth-sixth centuries CE reinterpreted the purity laws of their community. Its redactor(s), conversant with the notions and practices of purity and impurity as developed by their predecessors, attempt(s) to determine the parameters of the various categories of pollution, the minimum measures of polluted substances, and the effect of the interaction of pollution with other substances that are important to humans. It is therefore in essence a technical legal corpus designed to provide a comprehensive picture of a central aspect of Zoroastrian ritual life: the extent of one’s liability contracting pollution and how atonement/purification can be achieved.

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Books

Assyriology in Iran?

Daneshmand, Parsa. 2020. Assyriology in Iran? In Agnès Garcia-Ventura & Lorenzo Verderame (eds.), Perspectives on the History of Ancient Near Eastern Studies, 266–282. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns.

Forṣat-od-Dowle Šīrāzī (1854-1920)

The title of this paper might be one fraught with difficulties. For one thing, there is hardly a field of study in Iran at the present time that can be labelled as Assyriology; instead, there are scattered individual efforts, self-studied research, and erratic workshops run by a small number of genuine specialists. Although Iran is the birthplace of cuneiform decipherment, Iranian universities offer no courses in Assyriology, nor is any local academic institute qualified to run a degree program in cuneiform studies.

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Books

Repetition of Preverbs in the Avesta

Forssman, Bernhard. 2020. Wiederholung von Präverbien im Avesta. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 170(2). 361–370.

The paper discusses the strange repetition of preverbs, well known from Old Avestan (e.g. nī. aēšəmō. nī.diiātąm. Y 48,7a), which seems to go back to the Proto-Indo-European language.

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Books

The Zoroastrian Vision, Straight in the Eyes

Azarnouche, Samra & Olivia Ramble. 2020. La Vision zoroastrienne, les yeux dans les yeux Commentaire sur la Dēn selon Dēnkard III.225. Revue de l’his toire des reli gions 237(3). 331–395.

Sassanian Seal MOT 6.1, Collection M. I. Mochiri, after Gnoli 1993: 80.

In the Zoroastrian tradition, the Dēn (Avestan daēnā “vision”) is a polysemic notion that denotes either an auroral psychopompic deity, or the religious doctrine, or again the sacred word of the Avesta. Passage 225 of the Dēnkard III, commented here for the first time, combines these different concepts, thereby not only bringing direct proof for the continuity of the word’s original meaning—“vision”—between the Avestan textual layer and the Middle Persian (Pahlavi) exegetic layer, but also testifying to the development of metaphysical speculation (with a neo-platonic backdrop) concerning the transcendental vision acquired by the magi. Material sources (iconographic as well as epigraphic) also contribute to highlighting the notion that the Dēn is the divine entity that one looks at straight in the eyes.

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Articles

The Conceptual Image of the Planets in Ancient Iran and the Process of Their Demonization

Panaino, Antonio. 2020. The conceptual image of the planets in ancient Iran and the process of their demonization: Visual materials and models of inclusion and exclusion in Iranian history of knowledge. Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 28. 359–389.

The Moon God (Klimova plate, Perm region, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg S-43)

The present contribution offers an overview of the main problems concerning the representation of the planets in the pre-Islamic Iranian world, the origin of their denominations, their astral roles and the reasons behind their demonization in the Zoroastrian and Manichaean frameworks. This is a preliminary attempt to resume the planetary iconography and iconology in western and eastern Iranian sources, involving also external visual data, such as those coming from Dunhuang and the Chinese world. The article offers an intellectual journey into a net of mutual cultural and spiritual relations, focusing on the image of the heaven (and of its celestial beings), thereby proposing a new synthesis and highlighting a number of intercultural contaminations.

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Zoroastrian Dualism in Jewish, Christian, and Manichaean Perspective

Volume 96, issue 2 (2020) of Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses is dedicated to the subject of Zoroastrian dualism in Jewish, Christian, and Manichaean perspectives.

Table of Contents

  • Jan Dochhorn: Zu den religionsgeschichtilichen Hintergründen der jüdischen und christlichen Satanologie. Eine Antwort auf John J. Collins, zugleich Sondierungen zum Verhältnis zwischen der Zwei-Geister-Lehre in 1 Q S III,13-IV,26 und dualistischen Konzepten iranischer Herkunft.
  • Benjamin Gleede: More Zoroastrian than Zoroaster? The Problem of Zoroastrian Influence on Manichaeism Illustrated by a Version of the Manichaean Myth Preserved in Severus of Antioch, Titus of Bostra and Theodoret of Cyrus.
  • Nestor Kavvadas: Sasanian Creed or Byzantine Projection? The Zurvanite Myth and Theodore of Mopsuestia’s Contra Magos.
  • Alexander M. Schilling: Ahreman in Armenien. Untersuchungen zu den christlich-orientalischen Zurwān-Texten.
  • Fazel Pakzad: Deus filius temporis? Divine Derivations and the Nature of Zoroastrian Dualism